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חרדים אינפו - האינדקס החרדי הגדול בעולם Haredim Info - the largest index for the Haredi sector Haredi Jewish men during a Torah reading Part of a series on Judaism Star of David Ten Commandments Menorah Movements Orthodox Haredi HasidicModern Conservative ConservadoxReform KaraiteReconstructionistRenewalHumanisticHaymanot Philosophy Texts Law Holy cities/places Important figures Religious roles Culture and education Ritual objects Prayers Major holidays Other religions Related topics Judaism portal vte Haredi Judaism (Hebrew: יהדות חֲרֵדִית Yahadut Ḥaredit, IPA: [ħaʁeˈdi]; also spelled Charedi in English; plural Haredim or Charedim) consists of groups within Orthodox Judaism that are characterized by their strict interpretation of religious sources and their accepted halakha (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating or modern values and practices.[1][2] Its members are usually referred to as ultra-Orthodox in English; however, the term "ultra-Orthodox" is considered pejorative by many of its adherents, who prefer terms like strictly Orthodox or Haredi.[3] Haredi Jews regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews,[4][5] although other movements of Judaism disagree.[6] Some scholars have suggested that Haredi Judaism is a reaction to societal changes, including political emancipation, the Haskalah movement derived from the Enlightenment, acculturation, secularization, religious reform in all its forms from mild to extreme, and the rise of the Jewish national movement.[7] In contrast to Modern Orthodox Judaism, followers of Haredi Judaism segregate themselves from other parts of society to an extent. However, many Haredi communities encourage their young people to get a professional degree or establish a business. Furthermore, some Haredi groups, like Chabad-Lubavitch, encourage outreach to less observant and unaffiliated Jews and hilonim (secular Israeli Jews).[8] Thus, professional and social relationships often form between Haredi and non-Haredi Jews, as well as between Haredi Jews and non-Jews.[9] Haredi communities are found primarily in Israel (13.6% of Israel's population),[10][11][12] North America, and Western Europe (most notably Antwerp and Stamford Hill in London). Their estimated global population numbers over 1.8 million, and, due to a virtual absence of interfaith marriage and a high birth rate, the Haredi population is growing rapidly.[13][14][15][16] Their numbers have been further boosted since the 1970s by secular Jews adopting a Haredi lifestyle as part of the baal teshuva movement; however, this has been somewhat offset by those leaving.[17][18][19][20] According to data from a January 2023 report by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Haredim, with their current population growth rate being 4% per year, will by the end of the decade form 16% of the entire Israeli population, including Arabs.[21] A previous report from May 2017 forecasted that Haredim will form 20% of the total population in 2040, and 32% in 2065; by then, 1 in 2 Israeli children would be Haredi.[22][23] Terminology Young Haredi Jews in Jerusalem, 2005 The term most commonly used by outsiders, for example most American news organizations, is ultra-Orthodox Judaism.[24] Hillel Halkin suggests the origins of the term may date to the 1950s, a period in which Haredi survivors of the Holocaust first began arriving in America.[25] However, Isaac Leeser (1806–1868) was described in 1916 as "ultra-Orthodox".[26] Haredi is a Modern Hebrew adjective derived from the Biblical verb hared, which appears in the Book of Isaiah (66:2; its plural haredim appears in Isaiah 66:5)[27] and is translated as "[one who] trembles" at the word of God. The word connotes an awe-inspired fear to perform the will of God;[28] it is used to distinguish them from other Orthodox Jews (similar to the name used by Christian Quakers to describe their relationship to God).[27][29][30] The word Haredi is often used in the Jewish diaspora in place of the term ultra-Orthodox, which many view as inaccurate or offensive,[31][32][33] it being seen as a derogatory term suggesting extremism; English-language alternatives that have been proposed include fervently Orthodox,[34] strictly Orthodox,[32] or traditional Orthodox.[35] Others, however, dispute the characterization of the term as pejorative.[25] Ari L. Goldman, a professor at Columbia University, notes that the term simply serves a practical purpose to distinguish a specific part of the Orthodox community, and is not meant as pejorative.[35] Others, such as Samuel Heilman, criticized terms such as ultra-Orthodox and traditional Orthodox, arguing that they misidentify Haredi Jews as more authentically Orthodox than others, as opposed to adopting customs and practises that reflect their desire to separate from the outside world.[36][25] The community has sometimes been characterized as traditional Orthodox, in contradistinction to the Modern Orthodox, the other major branch of Orthodox Judaism, and not to be confused with the movement represented by the Union for Traditional Judaism, which originated in Conservative Judaism.[37][38] Haredi Jews also use other terms to refer to themselves. Common Yiddish words include Yidn (Jews), erlekhe Yidn (virtuous Jews),[31] ben Torah (son of the Torah),[27] frum (pious), and heimish (home-like; i. e., our crowd). In Israel, Haredi Jews are sometimes also called by the derogatory slang word dos (plural dosim), that mimics the traditional Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation of the Hebrew word datiyim (religious),[39]. History Hasidic boys in Łódź, 1910 Throughout Jewish history, Judaism has always faced internal and external challenges to its beliefs and practices which have emerged over time and produced counter-responses. According to its adherents, Haredi Judaism is a continuation of Rabbinic Judaism, and the immediate forebears of contemporary Haredi Jews were the Jewish religious traditionalists of Central and Eastern Europe who fought against secular modernization's influence which reduced Jewish religious observance. Indeed, adherents of Haredi Judaism, just like Rabbinic Jews, see their beliefs as part of an unbroken tradition which dates back to the revelation at Sinai.[40] However, most historians of Orthodoxy consider Haredi Judaism, in its most modern incarnation, to date back to the beginning of the 20th century.[40][41][42] For centuries, before Jewish emancipation, European Jews were forced to live in ghettos where Jewish culture and religious observance were preserved. Change began in the wake of the Age of Enlightenment, when some European liberals sought to include the Jewish population in the emerging empires and nation states. The influence of the Haskalah movement[43] (Jewish Enlightenment) was also evident. Supporters of the Haskalah held that Judaism must change, in keeping with the social changes around them. Other Jews insisted on strict adherence to halakha (Jewish law and custom). In Germany, the opponents of Reform rallied to Samson Raphael Hirsch, who led a secession from German Jewish communal organizations to form a strictly Orthodox movement, with its own network of synagogues and religious schools. His approach was to accept the tools of modern scholarship and apply them in defence of Orthodox Judaism. In the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (including areas traditionally considered Lithuanian), Jews true to traditional values gathered under the banner of Agudas Shlumei Emunei Yisroel.[44] Moses Sofer was opposed to any philosophical, social, or practical change to customary Orthodox practice. Thus, he did not allow any secular studies to be added to the curriculum of his Pressburg Yeshiva. Sofer's student Moshe Schick, together with Sofer's sons Shimon and Samuel Benjamin, took an active role in arguing against the Reform movement. Others, such as Hillel Lichtenstein, advocated an even more stringent position for Orthodoxy. A major historic event was the meltdown after the Universal Israelite Congress of 1868–1869 in Pest. In an attempt to unify all streams of Judaism under one constitution, the Orthodox offered the Shulchan Aruch as the ruling Code of law and observance. This was dismissed by the reformists, leading many Orthodox rabbis to resign from the Congress and form their own social and political groups. Hungarian Jewry split into two major institutionally sectarian groups: Orthodox, and Neolog. However, some communities refused to join either of the groups, calling themselves "Status Quo".[citation needed] Schick demonstrated support in 1877 for the separatist policies of Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany. Schick's own son was enrolled in the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary, headed by Azriel Hildesheimer, which taught secular studies. Hirsch, however, did not reciprocate, and expressed astonishment at Schick's halakhic contortions in condemning even those Status Quo communities that clearly adhered to halakha.[45] Lichtenstein opposed Hildesheimer, and his son Hirsh Hildesheimer, as they made use of the German language in sermons from the pulpit and seemed to lean in the direction of Zionism.[46] Shimon Sofer was somewhat more lenient than Lichtenstein on the use of German in sermons, allowing the practice as needed for the sake of keeping cordial relations with the various governments. Likewise, he allowed extra-curricular studies of the gymnasium for students whose rabbinical positions would be recognized by the governments, stipulating the necessity to prove the strict adherence to the God-fearing standards per individual case.[47] Haredi Jews from Galicia at the Karmelitermarkt [de] in Vienna's second district, Leopoldstadt, 1915 In 1912, the World Agudath Israel was founded, to differentiate itself from the Torah Nationalist Mizrachi and secular Zionist organizations. It was dominated by the Hasidic rebbes and Lithuanian rabbis and roshei yeshiva (deans). The organization nominated rabbis who subsequently were elected as representatives in the Polish legislature Sejm, such as Meir Shapiro and Yitzhak-Meir Levin. Not all Hasidic factions joined the Agudath Israel, remaining independent instead, such as Machzikei Hadat of Galicia.[48] In 1919, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld and Yitzchok Yerucham Diskin founded the Edah HaChareidis as part of Agudath Israel in then-Mandate Palestine. In 1924, Agudath Israel obtained 75 percent of the votes in the Kehilla elections.[49] The Orthodox community polled some 16,000 of a total 90,000 at the Knesseth Israel in 1929.[50] But Sonnenfeld lobbied Sir John Chancellor, the High Commissioner, for separate representation in the Palestine Communities Ordinance from that of the Knesseth Israel. He explained that the Agudas Israel community would cooperate with the Vaad Leumi and the National Jewish Council in matters pertaining to the municipality, but sought to protect its religious convictions independently. The community petitioned the Permanent Mandates Commission of the League of Nations on this issue. The one community principle was victorious, despite their opposition, but this is seen as the creation of the Haredi community in Israel, separate from the other Orthodox and Zionist movements.[51] In 1932, Sonnenfeld was succeeded by Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky, a disciple of the Shevet Sofer, one of the grandchildren of Moses Sofer. Dushinsky promised to build up a strong Jewish Orthodoxy at peace with the other Jewish communities and the non-Jews.[52] Post-Holocaust In general, the present-day Haredi population originate from two distinct post-Holocaust waves: The vast majority of Hasidic and Litvak communities were destroyed during the Holocaust.[53][54] Although Hasidic customs have largely been preserved, the customs of Lithuanian Jewry, including its unique Hebrew pronunciation, have been almost lost. Litvish customs are still preserved primarily by the few older Jews who were born in Lithuania prior to the Holocaust. In the decade or so after 1945, there was a strong drive to revive and maintain these lifestyles by some notable Haredi leaders. The Chazon Ish was particularly prominent in the early days of the State of Israel. Aharon Kotler established many of the Haredi schools and yeshivas in the United States and Israel; and Joel Teitelbaum had a significant impact on revitalizing Hasidic Jewry, as well as many of the Jews who fled Hungary during the 1956 revolution who became followers of his Satmar dynasty, and became the largest Hasidic group in the world. These Jews typically have maintained a connection only with other religious family members. As such, those growing up in such families have little or no contact with non-Haredi Jews.[55] The second wave began in the 1970s associated with the religious revival of the so-called baal teshuva movement, although most of the newly religious become Orthodox, and not necessarily fully Haredi.[citation needed] The formation and spread of the Sephardic Haredi lifestyle movement also began in the 1980s by Ovadia Yosef, alongside the establishment of the Shas party in 1984. This led many Sephardi Jews to adopt the clothing and culture of the Lithuanian Haredi Judaism, though it had no historical basis in their own tradition.[citation needed] Many yeshivas were also established specifically for new adopters of the Haredi way of life.[citation needed] The original Haredi population has been instrumental in the expansion of their lifestyle, though criticisms have been made of discrimination towards the later adopters of the Haredi lifestyle in shidduchim (matchmaking)[56] and the school system.[57] Practices and beliefs The Haredim represent the conservative or pietistic form of Jewish fundamentalism, distinct from the radical fundamentalism of Gush Emunim,[58] and emphasising withdrawal from, and disdain for, the secular world, and the creation of an alternative world which insulates the Torah and the life it prescribes from outside influences.[59] Haredi Judaism is not an institutionally cohesive or homogeneous group, but comprises a diversity of spiritual and cultural orientations, generally divided into a broad range of Hasidic courts and Litvishe-Yeshivish streams from Eastern Europe, and Oriental Sephardic Haredi Jews. These groups often differ significantly from one another in their specific ideologies and lifestyles, as well as the degree of stringency in religious practice, rigidity of religious philosophy, and isolation from the general culture that they maintain.[citation needed] Some scholars, including some secular and Reform Jews, describe the Haredim as "radical fundamentalists".[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67] The majority of Haredi Jews worldwide live in neighborhoods occupied primarily by other Haredi Jews.[citation needed] Efforts to keep clear of external influence is a core characteristic of Haredi Judaism. Historically, new mediums of communication such as books, newspapers and magazines, and later tapes, CDs and television, were dealt with by either transforming and controlling the content or having rabbinic leadership censor it altogether. In the modern digital era, difficulty in censoring the internet and conversely, the internet's importance, resulted in a decades long and ongoing struggle of comprehension, adaption, and regulation on the part of rabbinical leadership and community activists.[68] These beliefs and practices, which have been interpreted as "isolationist", can bring them into conflict with authorities. In 2018, a Haredi school in the United Kingdom was rated as "inadequate" by the Office for Standards in Education, after repeated complaints were raised about the censoring of textbooks and exam papers which contained mentions of homosexuality, examples of women socializing with men, pictures showing women's shoulders and legs, or information that contradicts a creationist worldview.[69][70] Lifestyle and family Haredi Jewish women and girls in Mea Shearim, Jerusalem, 2013 Haredi life, like Orthodox Jewish life in general, is very family-centered and ordered. Boys and girls attend separate schools, and proceed to higher Torah study, in a yeshiva or seminary, respectively, starting anywhere between the ages of 13 and 18. A significant proportion of young men remain in yeshiva until their marriage (which is usually arranged through facilitated dating). After marriage, many Haredi men continue their Torah studies in a kollel. Studying in secular institutions is often discouraged, although educational facilities for vocational training in a Haredi framework do exist. In the United States and Europe, the majority of Haredi males are active in the workforce. For various reasons, in Israel, most (56%) of their male members do work, though some of those are part of the unofficial workforce.[71][72][73][74] Haredi families (and Orthodox Jewish families in general) are usually much larger than non-Orthodox Jewish families, with as many as twelve or more children.[9] About 70% of female Haredi Jews in Israel work.[71] Haredi Jews are typically opposed to the viewing of television and films,[75] and the reading of secular newspapers and books. There has been a strong campaign against the Internet, and Internet-enabled mobile phones without filters have also been banned by leading rabbis.[76][77][78] In May 2012, 40,000 Haredim gathered at Citi Field, a baseball park in New York City, to discuss the dangers of unfiltered Internet.[77][79] The event was organized by the Ichud HaKehillos LeTohar HaMachane. The Internet has been allowed for business purposes so long as filters are installed. In some instances, forms of recreation which conform to Jewish law are treated as antithetical to Haredi Judaism. In 2013, the Rabbinical Court of the Ashkenazi Community in the Haredi settlement of Beitar Illit ruled against Zumba (a type of dance fitness) classes, although they were held with a female instructor and all-female participants.[80][81] The Court said in part: "Both in form and manner, the activity [Zumba] is entirely at odds with both the ways of the Torah and the holiness of Israel, as are the songs associated to it."[81] Shidduch With Haredi Judaism having a heavy emphasis on marriage — especially while young — some members rely on the shidduch (matchmaking) system. They employ a schadhan (a professional matchmaker) to support them in their search for a spouse. While there is no current statistical data showing how many people use the services of a schadhan, it is estimated that the vast majority of Haredi couples were paired by one.[82] However, with the broader societal shift to online dating, matchmaking in Orthodox and Haredi Judaism has started making inroads online. Vastly different from the most popular online dating services, apps like "Shidduch" pair couples based upon shared values and life goals. To do this, users fill-out a digital resume. The app was made possible by a partnership between its developers and the Orthodox Union — the same group responsible for kosher food certification ("Circle-U").[83] Dress Styles of Haredi dress Typical Haredi dress for men and women The standard mode of dress for males of the Lithuanian stream is a black or navy suit and a white shirt.[84] Headgear includes black Fedora or Homburg hats, with black skull caps. Pre-war Lithuanian yeshiva students also wore light coloured suits, along with beige or grey hats,[85] and prior to the 1990s, it was common for Americans of the Lithuanian stream to wear coloured shirts throughout the week, reserving white shirts for Shabbos.[86] Beards are common among Haredi and many other Orthodox Jewish men, and Hasidic men will almost never be clean-shaven. Women adhere to the laws of modest dress, and wear long skirts and sleeves, high necklines, and, if married, some form of hair covering.[87] Haredi women never wear trousers, although most do wear pajama-trousers within the home at night.[88] Over the years, it has become popular among some Haredi women to wear sheitels (wigs) that are more attractive than their own hair (drawing criticism from some more conservative Haredi rabbis). Mainstream Sephardi Haredi rabbi Ovadia Yosef forbade the wearing of wigs altogether.[89] Haredi women often dress more freely and casually within the home, as long as the body remains covered in accordance with the halakha. More modernized Haredi women are somewhat more lenient in matters of their dress, and some follow the latest trends and fashions, while conforming to halakha.[88] Non-Lithuanian Hasidic men and women differ from the Lithuanian stream by having a much more specific dress code, the most obvious difference for men being the full-length suit jacket (rekel) on weekdays, and the fur hat (shtreimel) and silk caftan (bekishe) on the Sabbath. Neighborhoods Haredi neighborhoods tend to be safe and free from violent crime.[90] In Israel, the entrances to some of the most extreme Haredi neighborhoods are fitted with signs that ask for modest clothing to be worn.[91] Some areas are known to have "modesty patrols",[92] and people dressed in ways perceived as immodest may suffer harassment, and advertisements featuring scantily dressed models may be targeted for vandalism.[93][94] These concerns are also addressed through public lobbying and legal avenues.[95][96] During the week-long Rio Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, many of the city's 7,000 Orthodox Jews feel compelled to leave the town, due to the immodest exposure of participants.[97] In 2001, Haredi campaigners in Jerusalem succeeded in persuading the Egged bus company to get all their advertisements approved by a special committee.[98] By 2011, Egged had gradually removed all bus adverts that featured women, in response to their continuous defacement. A court order that stated such action was discriminatory led to Egged's decision not to feature people at all (neither male nor female).[99] Depictions of certain other creatures, such as space aliens, were also banned, in order not to offend Haredi sensibilities.[100] Haredi Jews also campaign against other types of advertising that promote activities they deem offensive or inappropriate.[101] To honor the Shabbat, most state-run buses in Israel do not run on Saturdays.[102] In a similar vein, Haredi Jews in Israel have demanded that the roads in their neighborhoods be closed on Saturdays, vehicular traffic being viewed as an "intolerable provocation" upon their religious lifestyle (see Driving on Shabbat in Jewish law). In most cases, the authorities granted permission after Haredi petitioning and demonstrations, some of them including fierce clashes between Haredi Jews and secular counter-demonstrators, and violence against police and motorists.[103] Sex separation Gender-separate beach in Israel. To accommodate Haredi and other Orthodox Jews, many coastal resorts in Israel have a designated area for sex-separate bathing.[104][105] While Jewish modesty law requires gender separation under various circumstances, observers have contended that there is a growing trend among some groups of Hasidic Haredi Jews to extend its observance to the public arena.[106] In the Hasidic village of Kiryas Joel, New York, an entrance sign asks visitors to "maintain sex separation in all public areas", and the bus stops have separate waiting areas for men and women.[107] In New Square, another Hasidic enclave, men and women are expected to walk on opposite sides of the road.[106] In Israel, Jerusalem residents of Mea Shearim were banned from erecting a street barrier dividing men and women during the week-long Sukkot festival's nightly parties;[108][109] and street signs requesting that women avoid certain pavements in Beit Shemesh have been repeatedly removed by the municipality.[110] Since 1973, buses catering to Haredi Jews running from Rockland County and Brooklyn into Manhattan have had separate areas for men and women, allowing passengers to conduct on-board prayer services.[111] Although the lines are privately operated, they serve the general public, and in 2011, the set-up was challenged on grounds of discrimination, and the arrangement was deemed illegal.[112][113] During 2010–2012, there was much public debate in Israel surrounding the existence of segregated Haredi Mehadrin bus lines (whose policy calls for both men and women to stay in their respective areas: men in the front of the bus,[114] and women in the rear of the bus) following an altercation that occurred after a woman refused to move to the rear of the bus to sit among the women. A subsequent court ruling stated that while voluntary segregation should be allowed, forced separation is unlawful.[115] Israeli national airline El Al has agreed to provide gender-separated flights in consideration of Haredi requirements.[116] The Bais Yaakov graduating class of 1934 in Łódź, Poland Education in the Haredi community is strictly segregated by sex. Yeshiva education for boys is primarily focused on the study of Jewish scriptures, such as the Torah and Talmud (non-Hasidic yeshivas in the United States teach secular studies in the afternoon); girls obtain studies both in Jewish religious education as well as broader secular subjects.[117] Newspapers and publications Tziporah Heller, a weekly columnist for Hamodia In 1930s Poland, the Agudath Israel movement published its own Yiddish-language paper, Dos Yiddishe Tagblatt. In 1950, the Agudah started printing Hamodia, a Hebrew-language Israeli daily. Haredi publications tend to shield their readership from objectionable material,[118] and perceive themselves as a "counterculture", desisting from advertising secular entertainment and events.[119] The editorial policy of a Haredi newspaper is determined by a rabbinical board, and every edition is checked by a rabbinical censor.[120] A strict policy of modesty is characteristic of the Haredi press in recent years, and pictures of women are usually not printed.[121] In 2009, the Israeli daily Yated Ne'eman doctored an Israeli cabinet photograph replacing two female ministers with images of men,[122] and in 2013, the Bakehilah magazine pixelated the faces of women appearing in a photograph of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.[123] The mainstream Haredi political Shas party also refrains from publishing female images.[124] Among Haredi publishers which have not adopted this policy is ArtScroll, which does publish pictures of women in their books.[125] No coverage is given to serious crime, violence, sex, or drugs, and little coverage is given to non-Orthodox streams of Judaism.[126] Inclusion of "immoral" content is avoided, and when publication of such stories is a necessity, they are often written ambiguously.[121] The Haredi press generally takes a non-Zionist stance, and gives more coverage to issues that concern the Haredi community, such as the drafting of girls and yeshiva students into the army, autopsies, and Shabbat observance.[119] In Israel, it portrays the secular world as "spitefully anti-Semitic", and describes secular youth as "mindless, immoral, drugged, and unspeakably lewd".[127][128] Such attacks have led to Haredi editors being warned about libelous provocations.[129] While the Haredi press is extensive and varied in Israel,[119] only around half the Haredi population reads newspapers. Around 10% read secular newspapers, while 40% do not read any newspaper at all.[130] According to a 2007 survey, 27% read the weekend Friday edition of HaModia, and 26% the Yated Ne'eman.[131] In 2006, the most-read Haredi magazine in Israel was the Mishpacha weekly, which sold 110,000 copies.[131] Technology Haredi leaders have at times suggested a ban on the internet and any internet-capable device,[132] their reasoning being that the immense amount of information can be corrupting, and the ability to use the internet with no observation from the community can lead to individuation.[133] Some Haredi businessmen utilize the internet throughout the week, but they still observe Shabbat in every aspect by not accepting or processing orders from Friday evening to Saturday evening.[134] They utilize the internet under strict filters and guidelines. The Kosher cell phone was introduced to the Jewish public with the sole ability to call other phones. It was unable to utilize the internet, text other phones, and had no camera feature. In fact, a kosher phone plan was created, with decreased rates for kosher-to-kosher calls, to encourage community.[135][136] News hotlines Main article: Haredi news hotline News hotlines are an important source of news in the Haredi world. Since many Haredi Jews do not listen to the radio or have access to the internet, even if they read newspapers, they are left with little or no access to breaking news. News hotlines were formed to fill this gap, and many have expanded to additional fields over time.[137][138] Currently, many news lines provide rabbinic lectures, entertainment, business advice, and similar services, in addition to their primary function of reporting the news. Many Hasidic sects maintain their own hotlines, where relevant internal news is reported and the group's perspective can be advocated for. In the Israeli Haredi community, there are dozens of prominent hotlines, in both Yiddish and Hebrew. Some Haredi hotlines have played significant public roles.[139] In Israel Attitudes towards Zionism See also: Haredim and Zionism While most Haredi Jews were opposed to the establishment of the State of Israel, and Haredi Jews mostly do not celebrate Yom Ha'Atzmaut (Israeli Independence Day) or any other state-instituted holidays, there were many who gave their backing to the nascent state.[140][141] Members of Neturei Karta protest against Israel (Washington, 2005) The chief political division among Haredi Jews has been in their approach to the State of Israel. After Israeli independence, different Haredi movements took varying positions on it. Only a minority of Haredi Jews consider themselves to be Zionists. Haredim who do not consider themselves Zionists fall into two-camps: non-Zionist, and anti-Zionist. Non-Zionist Haredim, who comprise the majority, do not object to the State of Israel as an independent Jewish state, and many even consider it to be positive, but they do not believe that it has any religious significance. Anti-Zionist Haredim, who are a minority, but are more publicly visible than the non-Zionist majority, believe that any Jewish independence prior to the coming of the Messiah is a sin.[142][143] The ideologically non-Zionist United Torah Judaism alliance comprising Agudat Yisrael and Degel HaTorah (and the umbrella organizations World Agudath Israel and Agudath Israel of America) represents a moderate and pragmatic stance of cooperation with the State of Israel, and participation in the political system. UTJ has been a participant in numerous coalition governments, seeking to influence state and society in a more religious direction and maintain welfare and religious funding policies. In general, their position is supportive of Israel.[144] Haredim who are stridently anti-Zionist are under the umbrella of Edah HaChareidis, who reject participation in politics and state funding of its affiliated institutions, in contradistinction to Agudah-affiliated institutions. Neturei Karta is a very small activist organization of anti-Zionist Haredim, whose controversial activities have been strongly condemned, including by other anti-Zionist Haredim.[145] Haredi support is often required to form coalition governments in the Knesset. In recent years, some rebbes affiliated with Agudath Israel, such as the Sadigura rebbe Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, have taken more hard-line stances on security, settlements, and disengagement.[146] Shas represents Sephardi and Mizrahi Haredim, and, while having many points in common with Ashkenazi Haredim, differs from them by its more enthusiastic support for the State of Israel and the IDF. Marriage The purpose of marriage in the Haredi (and Orthodox) viewpoint is for the purpose of companionship, as well as for the purpose of having children.[147] There is a high rate of marriage in the Haredi community. 83% are married, compared to the non-Haredi community in Israel of 63%.[148] Marriage is viewed as holy, and as the natural home for a man and a woman to truly love each other. Divorce In 2016, the divorce rate in Israel was 5% among the Haredi population, compared to the general population rate of 14%.[148] In 2016, Haaretz claimed that divorces among Haredim are increasing in Israel.[149] In 2017, some predominantly Haredi cities reported the highest growth rates in divorce in the Israel, in the context of generally falling rates of divorce, [150] and in 2018, some predominantly Haredi cities reported drops in divorce, in the context of generally rising rates of divorce.[151] When the divorce is linked to one spouse leaving the community, the one who chooses to leave is often shunned from his or her communities and forced to abandon their children, as most courts prefer keeping children in an established status quo.[149][152][153] Education Main articles: Cheder, Yeshiva, and Bais Yaakov Haredim primarily educate their children in their own private schools, starting with chederim for pre-school to primary school ages, to yeshivos for boys from secondary school ages, and in seminaries, often called Bais Yaakovs, for girls of secondary school ages. Only Jewish religiously observant students are admitted, and parents must agree to abide by the rules of the school to keep their children enrolled. Yeshivas are headed by rosh yeshivas (deans) and principals. Many Hasidic schools in Israel, Europe, and North America teach little or no secular subjects, while some of the Litvish (Lithuanian style) schools in Israel follow educational policies to the Hasidic school. In the U.S., most teach secular subjects to boys and girls, as part of a dual curriculum of secular subjects (generally called "English") and Torah subjects. Yeshivas teach mostly Talmud and Rabbinic literature, while the girls' schools teach Jewish Law, Midrash, and Tanach (Hebrew Bible). Between 2007 and 2017, the number of Haredim studying in higher education had risen from 1,000 to 10,800.[154] In 2007, the Kemach Foundation was established to become an investor in the sector's social and economic development, and provide opportunities for employment. Through the philanthropy of Leo Noé of London, later joined by the Wolfson family of New York and Elie Horn from Brazil, Kemach has facilitated academic and vocational training. With a $22m budget, including government funding, Kemach provides individualized career assessment, academic or vocational scholarships, and job placement for the entire Haredi population in Israel. The Foundation is managed by specialists who, coming from the Haredi sector themselves, are familiar with the community's needs and sensitivities. By April 2014, more than 17,800 Haredim have received the services of Kemach, and more than 7,500 have received, or continue to receive, monthly scholarships to fund their academic or vocational studies. From 500 graduates, the net benefits to the government would be 80.8 million NIS if they work for one year, 572.3 million NIS if they work for 5 years, and 2.8 billion NIS (discounted) if they work for 30 years.[155] The Council for Higher Education announced in 2012 that it was investing NIS 180 million over the following five years to establish appropriate frameworks for the education of Haredim, focusing on specific professions.[156] The largest Haredi campus in Israel is The Haredi Campus - The Academic College Ono. Military Haredi demonstration against the conscription of yeshiva pupils Haredi demonstration against the conscription of yeshiva pupils Upon the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, universal conscription was instituted for all able-bodied Jewish males. However, the nation's population of military-aged Haredi men were exempted from service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) under the Torato Umanuto arrangement, which officially granted deferred entry into the IDF for yeshiva students, but in practice allowed young Haredi men to serve for a significantly reduced period of time or bypass military service altogether. At that time, only a small group of roughly 400 individuals was affected, since, due to the historic opposition of Haredi Judaism to Zionism, the population of Haredim was very low.[157] However, the Haredim were and are a rapidly growing population, comprising an estimated 6-10% of Israel's Jewish population by 2008.[158] In 2018, the Israel Democracy Institute estimated that the Haredim comprised 12% of Israel's total population, and just over 15% of the Jewish population.[159] Compounded by the fact the Haredim are disproportionately younger than the general population, their absence from the IDF often attracts significant resentment from secular Israelis. The most common criticisms of the exemption policy are: The Haredim can work in those 2–3 years of their lives in which they do not serve in the IDF, while most soldiers at the IDF are usually paid anywhere between $80–250 a month, in addition to clothing and lodging.[160] All the while, Haredi yeshiva students receive significant monthly funds and payments for their religious studies.[161] The Haredim, if they so choose, can study at that time.[162][163] While a certain amount of Haredim have enlisted in the IDF every year in recent decades, the Haredim usually reject the practice of IDF service. Contentions include: A yeshiva student has an important role in protecting the Jewish people because Haredim believe that Torah study brings spiritual protection similar to how a soldier in the IDF brings physical protection. Haredim maintain that each role is important in protecting the Jewish people, and one who is a yeshiva student should not abandon his personal duty in spiritually protecting the Jewish people.[164][165][166][167] The Israeli army is not conducive to a Haredi lifestyle. It is regarded as a "state-sponsored quagmire of promiscuity" due to Israel conscripting both men and women, and often grouping them together in military activities.[168] Additionally, the keeping of military procedures makes it difficult to observe the Sabbath and many other Jewish practices.[citation needed] The Torato Umanuto arrangement was enshrined in the Tal Law that came into force in 2002. The High Court of Justice later ruled that it could not be extended in its current form beyond August 2012. A replacement was expected. The IDF was, however, experiencing a shortage of personnel, and there were pressures to reduce the scope of the Torato Omanuto exemption.[169] The Shahar program, also known as Shiluv Haredim (Ultra-Orthodox integration), allows Haredi men aged 22 to 26 to serve in the army for about a year and a half. At the beginning of their service, they study mathematics and English, which are often not well covered in Haredi boy schools. The program is partly aimed at encouraging Haredi participation in the workforce after military service. However, not all beneficiaries seem to be Haredim.[170] Over the years, as many as 1000 Haredi Jews have volunteered to serve in a Haredi Jewish unit of the IDF known as the Netzah Yehuda Battalion, or Nahal Haredi. The vast majority of Haredi men, however, continue to receive deferments from military service.[171] In March 2014, Israel's parliament approved legislation to end exemptions from military service for Haredi seminary students. The bill was passed by 65 votes to one, and an amendment allowing civilian national service by 67 to one.[172] There has been much uproar in Haredi society following actions towards Haredi conscription. While some Haredim see this as a great social and economic opportunity,[173] others (including leading rabbis among them) strongly oppose this move.[174] Among the extreme Haredim, there have been some more severe reactions. Several Haredi leaders have threatened that Haredi populations would leave the country if forced to enlist.[175][176] Others have fueled public incitement against secular and National-Religious Jews, and specifically against politicians Yair Lapid and Naftali Bennett, who support and promote Haredi enlistment.[177][178] Some Haredim have taken to threatening their fellows who agree to enlist,[179][180] to the point of physically attacking some of them.[181][182] Employment As of 2013, figures from the Central Bureau of Statistics on employment rates place Haredi women at 73%, close to the 80% for the non-Haredi Jewish women's national figure; while the number of working Haredi men has increased to 56%, it is still far below the 90% of non-Haredi Jewish men nationwide.[71] As of 2021, most Haredi boys instead go to yeshivas and then continue to study at yeshiva after getting married.[183] The Trajtenberg Committee, charged in 2011 with drafting proposals for economic and social change, called, among other things, for increasing employment among the Haredi population. Its proposals included encouraging military or national service and offering college prep courses for volunteers, creating more employment centers targeting Haredim and experimental matriculation prep courses after yeshiva hours. The committee also called for increasing the number of Haredi students receiving technical training through the Industry, Trade, and Labor Ministry and forcing Haredi schools to carry out standardized testing, as is done at other public schools.[184] It is estimated that half as many of the Haredi community are in employment as the rest of population. This has led to increasing financial deprivation, and 50% of children within the community live below the poverty line. This puts strain on each family, the community, and often the Israeli economy. The demographic trend indicates the community will constitute an increasing percentage of the population, and consequently, Israel faces an economic challenge in the years ahead due to fewer people in the labor force. A report commissioned by the Treasury found that the Israeli economy may lose more than six billion shekels annually as a result of low Haredi participation in the workforce.[185] The OECD in a 2010 report stated that, "Haredi families are frequently jobless, or are one-earner families in low-paid employment. Poverty rates are around 60% for Haredim."[186] As of 2017, according to an Israeli finance ministry study, the Haredi participation rate in the labour force is 51%, compared to 89% for the rest of Israeli Jews.[187] A 2018 study by Oren Heller, a National Insurance Institute of Israel senior economic researcher, has found that while upper mobility among Haredim is significantly greater than the national average, unlike it, this tends not to translate into significantly higher pay.[188] Haredi families living in Israel benefited from government-subsidized child care when the father studied Torah and the mother worked at least 24 hours per week. However, after Israeli Finance Minister Avigdor Liberman introduced a new policy in 2021, families in which the father is a full-time yeshiva student are no longer eligible for a daycare subsidy. Under this policy, fathers must also work at least part-time in order for the family to qualify for the subsidy. The move was denounced by Haredi leaders.[189] Other issues Hasidim walk to the synagogue, Rehovot, Israel. The Haredim in general are materially poorer than most other Israelis, but still represent an important market sector due to their bloc purchasing habits.[190] For this reason, some companies and organizations in Israel refrain from including women or other images deemed immodest in their advertisements to avoid Haredi consumer boycotts.[191][192] More than 50 percent of Haredim live below the poverty line, compared with 15 percent of the rest of the population.[193] Their families are also larger, with Haredi women having an average of 6.7 children, while the average Jewish Israeli woman has 3 children.[194] Families with many children often receive economic support through governmental child allowances, government assistance in housing, as well as specific funds by their own community institutions.[195] In recent years, there has been a process of reconciliation and an attempt to merge Haredi Jews with Israeli society,[196] although employment discrimination is widespread.[197] Haredi Jews such as satirist Kobi Arieli, publicist Sehara Blau, and politician Israel Eichler write regularly for leading Israeli newspapers. Another important factor in the reconciliation process has been the activities of ZAKA, a Haredi organization known for providing emergency medical attention at the scene of suicide bombings, and Yad Sarah, the largest national volunteer organization in Israel established in 1977 by former Haredi mayor of Jerusalem, Uri Lupolianski. It is estimated that Yad Sarah saves the country's economy an estimated $320 million in hospital fees and long-term care costs each year.[198][199] Population Due to its imprecise definition, lack of data collection, and rapid change over time, estimates of the global Haredi population are difficult to measure, and may significantly underestimate the true number of Haredim, due to their reluctance to participate in surveys and censuses.[200][201] One estimate given in 2011 stated that there were approximately 1.3 million Haredi Jews globally.[202] Studies have shown a very high growth rate, with a large young population.[203] Israel Haredi population in Israel in the recent years: Year Pop. ±% p.a. 2009 750,000 — 2014 910,500 +3.95% 2015 950,000 +4.34% 2017 1,033,000 +4.28% 2018 1,079,000 +4.45% 2019 1,125,892 +4.35% 2020 1,175,088 +4.37% 2021 1,226,261 +4.35% 2022 1,279,528 +4.34% 2023 1,334,909 +4.33% Sources:[204][205][206] Haredi Rabbis and students writing a Torah scroll (Haredi settlement of Beitar Illit, Gush Etzion) Israel has the largest Haredi population.[1] In 1948, there were about 35,000 to 45,000 Haredi Jews in Israel. By 1980, Haredim made up 4% of the Israeli population.[207] Haredim made up 9.9% of the Israeli population in 2009, with 750,000 out of 7,552,100; by 2014, that figure had risen to 11.1%, with 910,500 Haredim out of a total Israeli population of 8,183,400. According to a December 2017 study conducted by the Israeli Democracy Institute, the number of Haredi Jews in Israel exceeded 1 million in 2017, making up 12% of the population in Israel. In 2019, Haredim reached a population of almost 1,126,000;[204] the next year, it reached 1,175,000 (12.6% of total population),[205] and by the end of 2023, it reached 1,335,000, or 13.6% of total population.[206] By 2030, the Haredi Jewish community is projected to make up 16% of the total population, and by 2065, a third of the Israeli population.[154] The number of Haredi Jews in Israel is rising rapidly. The number of children per woman is 7.2, and the share of Haredim among those under the age of 20 was 16.3% in 2009 (29% of Jews).[208] In 1992, out of a total of 1,500,000 Orthodox Jews worldwide, about 550,000 were Haredi (half of them in Israel).[209] The vast majority of Haredi Jews are Ashkenazi. However, some 20% of the Haredi population are thought to belong to the Sephardic Haredi stream. In recent decades, Haredi society has grown due to the addition of a religious population that identifies with the Shas movement. The percentage of people leaving the Haredi population has been estimated between 6% and 18%.[210] The Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics forecasts that the Haredi population of Israel will number 1.1 million in 2019. It is also projected that the number of Haredim in 2059 may be between 2.73 and 5.84 million, of an estimated total number of Israeli Jews between 6.09 and 9.95 million.[208][211] The largest Israeli Haredi concentrations are in Jerusalem, Bnei Brak, Modi'in Illit, Beitar Illit, Beit Shemesh, Kiryat Ye'arim, Ashdod, Rekhasim, Safed, and El'ad. Two Haredi cities, Kasif and Harish, are planned. United States The United States has the second largest Haredi population, which has a growth rate on pace to double every 20 years. In 2000, there were 360,000 Haredi Jews in the US (7.2 per cent of the approximately 5 million Jews in the U.S.); by 2006, demographers estimate the number had grown to 468,000 (30% increase), or 9.4 per cent of all U.S. Jews.[14] In 2013, it has been estimated that there were 530,000 total Orthodox Jews in the United States, or 10% of all American Jews.[212] As of 2020, it has been estimated that there were approximately 700,000 total Orthodox Jews in the United States, or 12% of all American Jews.[213] This number is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, due to high Haredi birth and growth rates in America. New York state Most American Haredi Jews live in the greater New York metropolitan area.[214][215] New York City Brooklyn Hasidic family on the street in Borough Park, Brooklyn The largest centers of Haredi and Hasidic life in New York are found in Brooklyn.[216][217] In 1988, it was estimated that there are between 40,000 and 57,000 Haredim in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York, Hasidim most belonging to Satmar.[218] The Jewish population in the Borough Park neighborhood of Brooklyn, estimated at 70,000 in 1983, is also mostly Haredi, and also mostly Hasidic.[209] The Bobov Hasidim are the largest single bloc that mainly live in Borough Park.[219] Crown Heights is the home base of the worldwide Chabad-Lubavitch movement, with its network of shluchim ("emissaries") heading Chabad houses throughout the Jewish world.[220][221] The Flatbush-Midwood,[222] Kensington,[223] Marine Park[224] neighborhoods have tens of thousands of Haredi Jews. They are also the centers for the major non-Hasidic Haredi yeshivas such as Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin, Mir Yeshiva, as well as a string of similar smaller yeshivas. The Torah Vodaas and Chaim Berlin yeshivas[225] allow some students to attend college and university, presently at Touro College, and previously at Brooklyn College.[225] Queens The New York City borough of Queens is home to a growing Haredi population, mainly affiliated with the Yeshiva Chofetz Chaim and Yeshivas Ohr HaChaim in Kew Gardens Hills and Yeshiva Shaar Hatorah in Kew Gardens. Many of the students attend Queens College.[225] There are major yeshivas and communities of Haredi Jews in Far Rockaway,[223] such as Yeshiva of Far Rockaway and a number of others. Hasidic shtibelach exist in these communities as well, mostly catering to Haredi Jews who follow Hasidic customs, while living a Litvish or Modern Orthodox cultural lifestyle, although small Hasidic enclaves do exist, such as in the Bayswater section of Far Rockaway. Manhattan One of the oldest Haredi communities in New York is on the Lower East Side,[226] home to the Mesivtha Tifereth Jerusalem. Washington Heights, in northern Manhattan, is the historical home to German Jews, with Khal Adath Jeshurun and Yeshiva Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch.[227] The presence of Yeshiva University attracts young people, many of whom remain in the area after graduation.[228] Long Island The Yeshiva Sh'or Yoshuv, together with many synagogues in the Lawrence neighborhood and other Five Towns neighborhoods, such as Woodmere and Cedarhurst, have attracted many Haredi Jews.[229] Hudson Valley The Hudson Valley, north of New York City, has the most rapidly growing Haredi communities, such as the Hasidic communities in Kiryas Joel[230][231][232] of Satmar Hasidim, and New Square of the Skver.[233] A vast community of Haredi Jews lives in the Monsey, New York, area.[234] New Jersey There are significant Haredi communities in Lakewood (New Jersey), home to the largest non-Hasidic Lithuanian yeshiva in America, Beth Medrash Govoha.[235] There are also sizable communities in Teaneck,[236] Englewood, Mahwah,[237] Passaic[238] and Edison, where a branch of the Rabbi Jacob Joseph Yeshiva opened in 1982. There is also a community of Syrian Jews favorable to the Haredim in their midst in Deal, New Jersey.[239] Connecticut The Haredi community of New Haven has close to 150 families and a number of thriving Haredi educational institutions.[240] Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, has a large Haredi population. The major yeshiva is Yeshivas Ner Yisroel, founded in 1933, with thousands of alumni and their families. Ner Yisroel is also a Maryland state-accredited college, and has agreements with Johns Hopkins University, Towson University, Loyola College in Maryland, University of Baltimore, and University of Maryland, Baltimore County, allowing undergraduate students to take night courses at these colleges and universities in a variety of academic fields.[225] The agreement also allows the students to receive academic credits for their religious studies. Silver Spring, Maryland, and its environs has a growing Haredi community, mostly of highly educated and skilled professionals working for the United States government in various capacities, most living in Kemp Mill, White Oak, and Woodside,[241] and many of its children attend the Yeshiva of Greater Washington and Yeshivas Ner Yisroel in Baltimore. Florida Aventura,[242] Sunny Isles Beach, Golden Beach, Surfside[243] and Bal Harbour[244] are home to a large and growing Haredi population. The community is long-established in the area, with several synagogues including The Shul of Bal Harbour,[245] Young Israel of Bal Harbour, Aventura Chabad, Beit Rambam, Safra Synagogue of Aventura, and Chabad of Sunny Isles; mikvehs, Jewish schools and kosher restaurants. The community has recently grown much further, due to many Orthodox Jews from New York moving to Florida during the COVID-19 pandemic.[246][247] North of Miami, the communities of Boca Raton, Lauderhill,[248] Boynton Beach, and Hollywood have significant Haredi populations.[249][250] California Los Angeles has many Haredi Jews, most living in the Pico-Robertson and the Fairfax (Fairfax Avenue-La Brea Avenue) areas.[251][252] Illinois Chicago is home to the Haredi Telshe Yeshiva of Chicago, with many other Haredim living in the city.[253] Pennsylvania Haredim in Philadelphia primarily live in Bala Cynwyd, and the community is centered around Aish HaTorah and the Philadelphia Community Kollel.[254][255] In Pittsburgh a small yeshiva opened in 1945. Today there are approximately 200 Chabad families living in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood.[256] Kingston has a young growing Chabad Haredi community which has been growing steadily over the past 20 years since the first families moved there when a yeshiva was opened.[257] Colorado Denver has a large Haredi population of Ashkenazi origin, dating back to the early 1920s. The Haredi Denver West Side Jewish Community adheres to Litvak Jewish traditions (Lithuanian), and has several congregations located within their communities.[258] Massachusetts Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts, have the largest Haredi populations in New England. Students of Telshe yeshiva, 1936 Ohio One of the oldest Haredi Lithuanian yeshivas, Telshe Yeshiva, transplanted itself to Cleveland in 1941.[259][260] Beachwood, Ohio has a large and growing Haredi community, and is a heavily Jewish suburb of Cleveland. The haredi community is centered around the Beachwood Kehilla and Green Road Synagogue, has a mikvah and a Jewish day school.[261] United Kingdom In 1998, the Haredi population in the Jewish community of the United Kingdom was estimated at 27,000 (13% of affiliated Jews).[209] The largest communities are located in London, particularly Stamford Hill, Golders Green, Hendon, Edgware; in Salford and Prestwich in Greater Manchester; and in Gateshead. A 2007 study asserted that three out of four British Jewish births were Haredi, who then accounted for 17% of British Jews (45,500 out of around 275,000).[14] Another study in 2010 established that there were 9,049 Haredi households in the UK, which would account for a population of nearly 53,400, or 20% of the community.[262][263] The Board of Deputies of British Jews has predicted that the Haredi community will become the largest group in Anglo-Jewry within the next three decades: In comparison with the national average of 2.4 children per family, Haredi families have an average of 5.9 children, and consequently, the population distribution is heavily biased to the under-20-year-olds. By 2006, membership of Haredi synagogues had doubled since 1990.[264][265] An investigation by The Independent in 2014 reported that more than 1,000 children in Haredi communities were attending illegal schools where secular knowledge is banned, and they learn only religious texts, meaning they leave school with no qualifications and often unable to speak any English.[266] The 2018 Survey by the Jewish Policy Research (JPR) and the Board of Deputies of British Jews showed that the high birth rate in the Haredi and Orthodox community reversed the decline in the Jewish population in Britain.[267] As of 2020, it has been estimated that there were approximately 76,000 total Orthodox Jews in the United Kingdom, or 25% of all British Jews, significantly increasing in size from 1998 and 2010.[213] Elsewhere About 25,000 Haredim live in the Jewish community of France, mostly people of Sephardic, Maghrebi Jewish descent.[209] Important communities are located in Paris, Strasbourg, and Lyon. Other important communities, mostly of Ashkenazi Jews, are the Antwerp community in Belgium, as well as in the Swiss communities of Zürich and Basel, and in the Dutch community in Amsterdam. There is also a Haredi community in Vienna, in the Jewish community of Austria. Other countries with significant Haredi populations include: Canada, with a total number of 30,000 Haredim,[213] with large Haredi centres in Montreal and Toronto; South Africa, primarily in Johannesburg; and an estimated 7,500 Haredim in Australia,[213] centred in Melbourne. Haredi communities also exist in Argentina, especially in Buenos Aires, and in Brazil, primarily in São Paulo. A Haredi city is under construction (2021) in Mexico near Ixtapan de la Sal.[268] Decades after The Holocaust, Haredim are growing again in Budapest, opening several new synagogues and two mikvehs in the city over the past couple of years.[269][270] Country Year Core Jewish Population Haredi Population[271] % Haredi Annual growth rate Israel 2023 7,200,000 1,335,000[206] 17% 4%[206] United States 2020 6,000,000 700,000[212][213][271] 12% 5.4%[14] United Kingdom 2020 292,000 76,000[213] 26% 4%[272] Canada 2020 393,500 30,000[271] 8% Argentina 2020 175,000 13,500[271] 8% France 2020 446,000 12,000 3% Belgium 2020 28,900 10,000 35% South Africa 2020 52,000 10,000 19% Mexico 2020 40,000 7,500 19% Australia 2020 118,000 7,500[271] 6% Switzerland 2020 18,400 3,300 18% Germany 2020 118,000 3,000 3% Austria 2020 10,300 2,000 19% Spain 2020 12,900 104 0.8% Hungary 2020 46,800 885[271] 1.9% Netherlands 2020 29,700 455 1.5% Poland 2020 4,500 59 1.3% Sweden 2020 14,900 34 0.2% Present leadership and organizations Rabbis and rabbinic authority Main article: Rabbinic authority § Orthodox Judaism and da'as Torah Notwithstanding the authority of Chief Rabbis of Israel (Ashkenazi: David Lau, Sephardi: Yitzhak Yosef) or the wide acknowledgement of specific rabbis in Israel (for example, Rabbi Gershon Edelstein of the non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jews, and Yaakov Aryeh Alter who heads the Ger Hasidic dynasty, the largest Hasidic group in Israel), Haredi and Hasidic factions generally align with the independent authority of their respective group leaders. Major representative groups and political parties World Agudath Israel (including Agudath Israel of America) Edah HaChareidis (representing anti-Zionist Haredi groups in and around Jerusalem, including Satmar, Dushinsky, Toldos Aharon, Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok, Mishkenos HoRoim, Spinka, Brisk, and a section of other Litvish Haredim) Other representative associations may be linked to specific Haredi and Hasidic groups. For example: Breslov Hasidism maintains an umbrella group known as Vaad Olami D'Chasedai Breslov Chabad Lubavitch[221] maintains an international network of organizations, and is formally represented under the umbrella group Agudas Chasidei Chabad The Hasidic umbrella group Central Rabbinical Congress is associated with Satmar Haredi political parties in Israel include: Shas (representing Mizrahi and Sephardic Haredim) United Torah Judaism (alliance representing Ashkenazi Haredim) Agudat Yisrael (representing many Hasidic Jews) Degel HaTorah (representing Lithuanian Jews) U'Bizchutan (representing Haredi women and the Orthodox Jewish feminist movement) Noam Yachad Controversies Shunning See also: Off the derech § Orthodox views of OTD people People who decide to leave Haredi communities are sometimes shunned and pressured or forced to abandon their children.[149][152][153] Pedophilia and sexual abuse cases See also: Adass Israel School sex abuse scandal; FailedMessiah.com; Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse § Yeshiva, Melbourne and Yeshiva, Bondi; and Sexual abuse cases in Brooklyn's Haredi community Cases of pedophilia, sexual violence, assaults, and abuses against women and children occur in roughly the same rates in Haredi communities as in the general population; however, they are rarely discussed or reported to the authorities, and frequently downplayed by members of the communities.[273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280] Divorce coercion To receive a religious divorce, a Jewish woman needs her husband's consent in the form of a get (Jewish divorce document). Without this consent, any future offspring of the wife would be considered mamzerim (bastards/impure). If the circumstances truly warrant a divorce, and the husband is unwilling, a dayan (rabbinic judge) has the prerogative of instituting community shunning measures to "coerce him until he agrees", with physical force reserved only for the rarest of cases.[281][35][282] The New York divorce coercion gang was a Haredi Jewish group that kidnapped, and in some cases tortured, Jewish men in the New York metropolitan area to force them to grant their wives gittin (religious divorces). The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) broke up the group after conducting a sting operation against the gang in October 2013. The sting resulted in the prosecution of four men, three of whom were convicted in late 2015.[283] Political controversies involving Haredi communities and parties in Israel In January 2023, the Times of Israel reported that Haredi Jewish citizens in Israel pays just 2% of the country's total income tax revenues, despite making up 12% of the nation's population. Furthermore, the article's author described their communities as an epicenter of poverty, with over 60% of Haredi households classified as poor on the government's socioeconomic index, with that figure remaining nearly constant in every Haredi community.[284] While this disparity has been present in Israel for decades, it has garnered more attention since December 2022 for numerous reasons. First, Haredi families have the highest fertility rate in Israel, at 6.6 births per woman. In comparison, the average fertility rate in Israel is much lower, at 2.9 per woman. Current projections estimate that the Haredi population will double by 2036, and they will comprise 16% of the total population by 2030.[285] The second aspect of the controversy surrounds their political connections to Israel's Religious Zionist alliance. Historically, they have remained politically uninvolved, but since the 1990s, they have continuously engaged more. Today, members of Israel's ultra-Orthodox community have long enjoyed benefits unavailable to many other Israeli citizens: exemption from army service for Torah students, government stipends for those choosing full-time religious study over work, and separate schools that receive state funds even though their curriculums do not always teach government-mandated subjects. Today, many Israeli Haredi men do not work, preferring to study the Torah full-time, since they receive government funding for it, thus resulting in their high poverty rate.[286

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הקהילה היהודית האורתודוקסית

רשימת אתרים חרדים אינדקס, חרדי, עיתונות חרדית, סלבס חרדיס, דוס סלבס, דוסים פרסום חרדי ברשת אוכל יהודי, יודאיקה, סרטים וסדרות על חרדים, סרטים חרדים קבוצות וואצאפ לחרדים חרדים ynet בחדרי חרדים - האתר החרדי הגדול בעולם בחדרי חרדים https://www.bhol.co.il בחדרי חרדים - אתר חדשות חרדים מהיר ואמין, הוותיק והמוביל בעולם. חדשות, חשיפות וסקופים שמביא צוות עיתונאים מקצועי. מתמחים במידע פנים חרדי, סיקור הקהילות ... JDN – חדשות, המגזר החרדי, כלכלה, דעות – עדכונים שוטפים מהארץ ... JDN https://www.jdn.co.il לפני 5 שעות — "הם חרדים שנראים בדיוק כמוך ויש להם השפעה מכרעת על הביטחון של כולנו, מי הם? תוכן מקודם. "מדוע יש אנשים שמשקיעים בשעונים ועטי יוקרה ? תוכן מקודם. העולם החרדי. חרדים 10 חרדים10 https://ch10.co.il לפני 5 שעות — חרדים 10. חרדים · הגר”ש שטיינמן: דעת הגר”ד לנדו שלא לבטל 'בין הזמנים'. יוסף גרינבוים. האדמו”ר מצאנז להגר”מ שטרנבוך: 'מזימת הגיוס בוודאי לא תצלח…' יוסף גרינבוים ... היהדות החרדית המכלול https://www.hamichlol.org.il › היהדות_החרדית היהדות החרדית או חרדים, הוא כינוי למגזר היהודי-אורתודוקסי השמרני, שאנשיו מקפידים לשמור על אורח חיים תורני שמרני ומתבדל, תוך הקפדה רבה על שמירת מצוות ומנהגים, ... חרדים - חדשות ותוכן יחודי מהעולם החרדי כיכר השבת https://www.kikar.co.il › haredim חרדים - חדשות ותוכן יחודי מהעולם החרדי באתר כיכר השבת - כל מה שקורה בקהילה החרדית, בחדרי חדרים ובגלוי אצלנו באתר כיכר השבת. חרדים הארץ https://www.haaretz.co.il › ty-tag חרדים. קבל התראות בתיבת הדואר האלקטרוני שלך עבור כתבות מ חרדים התראות במייל. תיאור. הפגנה של חרדים נגד גיוס לצה"ל בירושלים, בשנה שעברה. בשולחם חיילים ... רק ברית משרתים תביא לגיוס חרדים - דעות הארץ https://www.haaretz.co.il › דעות לפני 13 שעות — בעת המחאה נגד ההפיכה המשטרית הופנתה כלפי "אחים לנשק" ביקורת על הרכבה החילוני־אליטיסטי המרחיק קהלים אחרים שדרושים כדי להצליח במאבק על דמותה של ... חיפושים נוספים חרדים 10 חרדים ויקיפדיה דמוגרפיה חרדים חרדים הגדרה בחדרי חרדים כתבות על חרדים בעולמם של חרדים כמה חרדים עובדים חרדים וואלה! תגיות https://tags.walla.co.il › חרדים לפני 24 שעות — חרדים מכל זווית אפשרית: ידיעות חמות, תמונות, קטעי וידאו, כתבות ארכיון, דעות ומאמרים. עדכונים מסביב לשעון על חרדים - עכשיו בוואלה! חרדים - עדכונים בהידברות הידברות https://www.hidabroot.org › יהדות מדור חרדים בהידברות - עשרות הרצאות ומאמרים מרתקים אודות הציבור החרדי · חרדים – כל מה שרציתם לדעת על החרדים · הרב זמיר כהן - אחת ולתמיד: למה החרדים לא מתגייסים ... חרדים המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה https://www.idi.org.il › נושאי תוכן חוק הגיוס החדש צריך לכלול יעדי גיוס לחרדים והשתת סנקציות על תקציב הישיבות במקרה של אי עמידה בהם. כדי לקדם שילוב חרדים בהשכלה גבוהה ובתעסוקה יש להוריד את גיל ... חרדים מעריב https://www.maariv.co.il › תגיות חרדים – כל מה שרציתם לדעת אודות חרדים : חדשות חמות, כתבות ומידע עדכני - למידע נוסף, היכנסו עכשיו. חדשות חרדים - המחדש | כל מה שחדש בעולם החרדי | עדכונים 24/6 המחדש https://hm-news.co.il › tag › חדשות-חרדים חדשות חרדים באתר "המחדש" - אתר החדשות הכשר הגדול ביותר, עם תכנים על הנעשה במגזר החרדי והדתי, בפוליטיקה הישראלית וחדשות מהעולם. היכנסו עכשיו. פרישה גיאוגרפית של האוכלוסייה החרדית מרכז הנתונים והידע ע"ש וואהל https://data.machon.org.il › דשבורדים איזו עיר עם ריכוז החרדים הגבוה ביותר בישראל? • כמה חרדים מתגוררים בירושלים? • מהו הזרם החרדי הגדול ביותר בבני ברק? • הנתונים המלאים. חדשות בחדרי חרדים https://www.bhol.co.il › categories חדשות – חדשות חמות, כתבות ופרשנויות – כל מה שחדש בקהילה החרדית באתר בחדרי חרדים. חרדים ספרדים ויקיפדיה https://he.wikipedia.org › wiki › חרדים_ספרדים הזרם החרדי-ספרדי מונה בעשור השני של המאה ה-21, על-פי הערכות – כ-400,000 נפשות – כשליש מתוך היהדות החרדית, וכמיעוט מתוך היהדות הישראלית. חרדים ספרדים. הרב עובדיה ... חרדים ערוץ 7 https://www.inn.co.il › tags › חרדים חרדים · חדשות ועדכונים על חרדים · החרדים 'צודקים' · גם מי שלא לומד - שלא יתגייס · הכוח והאחריות של הציונות הדתית · פינוי-בינוי ראשון בשכונה החרדית בירושלים · פורים ... נתוני דמוגרפיה של החברה החרדית בישראל מרכז הנתונים והידע ע"ש וואהל https://data.machon.org.il › דשבורדים כמה חרדים יש בישראל ומה שיעורם באוכלוסייה? • מהו מדד הפריון הממוצע לאישה חרדית? • מה יהיה גודל המגזר החרדי בעוד עשור? • המספרים והנתונים המלאים. חרדים | mako Mako https://www.mako.co.il › Tagit › חרדים חרדים - mako עם מגוון רחב של חדשות ועדכונים כולל תמונות, סרטי וידאו וכתבות על חרדים. חדשות, עדכונים ומידע אודות חרדים כלכליסט https://www.calcalist.co.il › tags › חרדים חרדים - מחפשים מידע אודות חרדים? כל המידע, הכתבות, החדשות והפרשנויות אודות חרדים באתר כלכליסט, אצלכם בנייד! חרדים | האתר הרשמי של Netflix Netflix https://www.netflix.com › title סדרה שמבוססת על רב-המכר של פרדריק בקמן, מחבר הרומן עטור השבחים "איש ושמו אובה" שהסרט על פיו היה מועמד לאוסקר. תוכני וידאו. חרדים. חרדים רשת 13 https://13tv.co.il › tags › religious חרדים. ראשיחרדים. חרדים. היהדות החרדית היא ענף ביהדות האורתודוקסית המתאפיינת בהקפדה רבה יחסית על שמירת מצוות וקיום ההלכה, ובשמרנות מבחינת תרבותה ... חרדים כאן 11 https://www.kan.org.il › ... › General Tags ההבטחה של נתניהו לחרדים: אציג חוק גיוס מוסכם על היועמ"שית תוך 30 יום · פוליטי מדיני · 12:39. האוכלוסייה החרדית - Gov.il www.gov.il https://www.gov.il › topics › govil-landing-page תעסוקת חרדים. מינהל תעסוקת אוכלוסיות פועל ליישום יעדי הממשלה בנושא קידום תעסוקת חרדים, בהתבסס על מספר החלטות ממשלה שהתקבלו בעשור האחרון, ובאמצעות מספר תכניות ... חרדים קיצונים חסמו את כביש 4 במשך שעתיים, 5 נעצרו: "לכלא ולא ... ynet https://www.ynet.co.il › ... › חדשות בארץ › כללי לפני יומיים — ביום שבו פגה הוראת השעה שמאפשרת לפטור חרדים מגיוס, המפגינים חסמו את הכביש לכיוון דרום סמוך למחלף גבעת שמואל. הם קראו בין השאר "נמות ולא ... חרדים ברשת: משחקי זהות בקהילה החרדית המקוונת - כתב העת ... מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il › פרסומים מאמר זה מבוסס על מחקר נטנוגרפי שבחן כיצד מציגים עצמם חברי הקהילה החרדית המקוונת בפורום 'חדרי חרדים' חרדים לקצב – קידום ספורט ואורח חיים בריא בתנועה חרדים לקצב https://strongers.org.il בחרדים לקצב אנו מאמינים שספורט הוא כלי חינוכי וטיפולי, התורם לחוסן האישי והקהילתי. אנו מפעילים מגוון רחב של פרוייקטים סדנאות וחוגים, המותאמים לקהילה החרדית. חרדים באוניברסיטה העברית האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים https://haredim.huji.ac.il חרדים באוניברסיטה העברית · האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים היא האוניברסיטה הטובה בישראל ונחשבת לאחת ממאה האוניברסיטאות הטובות בעולם על פי מדד שנגחאי. · ללמוד מהטובים ... תוכנית החברה החרדית בישראל המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה https://www.idi.org.il › centers בעת האחרונה ניתן להצביע על ניצני שינוי. הביקוש של חרדים להשכלה אקדמאית גדל, הולך ומתבסס מעמד ביניים חרדי, וגם החשיפה של הציבור החרדי למידע ברשת עושה את שלה. חרדים בקמפוס הכללי אוניברסיטת בר אילן https://www.biu.ac.il › page אוניברסיטת בר-אילן בהיותה מוסד אקדמי מגוון ומבוקש רואה חשיבות רבה בשילוב סטודנטים מהמגזר החרדי הן במסגרת לימודים בהפרדה (קמפוס חרדי לנשים) והן במסגרת ... המיזם הלאומי לשילוב חרדים בהייטק :: דף הבית המיזם הלאומי לשילוב חרדים בהייטק https://www.techventure.co.il המיזם הלאומי לשילוב חרדים בהייטק, הינו שותפות בין משרד העבודה, הג'וינט והקואליציה לתעסוקת חרדים. מטרת המיזם לשלב חרדים בליבת התעשייה על ידי זיהוי וסקייל של ... קיצוץ בתקציבי הישיבות וגיוס חרדים - YouTube YouTube https://www.youtube.com › watch 1:32 קיצוץ בתקציבי הישיבות וגיוס חרדים. 1.9K views · 2 days ago ...more. עידן ארץ. 2.23K. 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YouTube · עידן ארץ · לפני 3 ימים איך נולד הפטור החרדי, וכמה חרדים מתגייסים בשנה? גלובס https://www.globes.co.il › המשרוקית 2 במרץ 2024 — גיוס שוב על הפרק: איך נולד הפטור החרדי, וכמה חרדים מתגייסים בשנה? על רקע חזרתה של סוגיית השוויון בנטל למרכז השיח הציבורי, אנחנו חזרנו לימים שבהם ... מה זה חרדים - מילון עברי עברי מילוג - מילון עברי עברי https://milog.co.il › חרדים מצאו מידע מקיף על המילה חרדים. פירושים, סלנג, ביטויים, מילים נרדפות, חרוזים ועוד. חרדים כל-זכות https://www.kolzchut.org.il › חרדים 18 בינו׳ 2024 — הפורטל מרכז את המידע על זכויות ושירותים הרלוונטים לאוכלוסייה החרדית. לפי הערכות שונות, כ-700,000-1,200,000 ישראלים מגדירים את עצמם כחרדים. תמונות בחדרי חרדים בבני ברק גיוס חרדים החברה החרדית חרדי חרדיות בני ברק הגיוס החרדי חרדית חרדים לפני 3 ימים חרדים ynet הדרת החרדים מהתקשורת והסיקור המוטה שלהם גורמים עוול גם ... הדרת החרדים מהתקשורת והסיקור המוטה שלהם גורמים עוול גם ... העין השביעית לא כל מי שנראה "חרדי" הוא באמת "חרדי" - גלובס לא כל מי שנראה "חרדי" הוא באמת "חרדי" - גלובס גלובס משוב עוד 6 תמונות גיוס חרדים במקום הארכת שירות למילואימניקים יחסוך למשק מיליארדים כלכליסט https://www.calcalist.co.il › article › bjnjnuur6 20 במרץ 2024 — שוויון בנטל, הנוסחה הכלכלית: בדיקה שערך הכלכלן הראשי באוצר מצאה כי עלות חודש של חייל מילואים עומדת על 48 אלף שקל. לעומת זאת עלות של חייל ... חרדים: מפרש המצוות - דף 22 - תוצאות Google Books google.co.il https://books.google.co.il › books Eleazar ben Moses Azikri · 1836 · ‏ Commandments, Six hundred and thirteen ... "ל קסרון גדול קול שולחי לין רחוי להסתכל כמלך קלה כשקול לכוס בגדי הפלרת מדיה מגן אחות לנס לכוס גלות קס רמז לעשר ספירותיו ודרך רמז f מרו 22 פרק ה חרדים ספר. ממומן חרדים - Temu - עד 90% הנחה temu.com https://www.temu.com חרדים מדהימים ואיכות גבוהה כאן ב-Temu. משתמשים חדשים נהנים ממשלוח חינם והחזר חינם. היום בלבד, תהנו מחרדים עד 90% הנחה על כל הרכישות שלכם. מהרו וקנו עכשיו. מומלצים ביותר. איכות גבוהה. Limited time offer. קבל/י מתנה ב-temu. מחירים מטורפים‎. מחיר בלתי נתפס. חרדים ישראלים מכון ון ליר בירושלים https://www.vanleer.org.il › פרסומים חרדים ישראלים | הוצאת מכון ון ליר מפרסמת ספרי מחקר וכתבי עת מדעיים בתחומי החברה והרוח, ספרי עיון וכן מחקרי מדיניות וניירות עמדה פרי מחקרים שנעשו במכון. יציאה לעבודה בקרב בני ישיבות חרדים: הסיבות, החששות ממנה ... מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות https://jerusaleminstitute.org.il › פרסומים המאמר בוחן את תפיסת היציאה לעבודה בקרב בני ישיבות חרדים: הסיבות, החששות ותגובות הסביבה, תוך השוואה בין בני ישיבות עובדים לבני ישיבות שאינם עובדים. שירות חרדים בצה"ל: פורטל חרדים | גיוס חרדים / חרדיות לצה"ל שירות חרדים בצה"ל https://www.haredimidf.org.il פורטל חרדים: שירות חרדים בצה"ל? גיוס חרדים / חרדיות לצה"ל? מסלולים, המלצות, חשוב לדעת, יצירת קשר, איך להתגייס לצה"ל דתיים - חרדיים? הכל פה! "אני מבין את הכעס של הציבור החילוני עלינו. זה מוצדק": 4 חרדים ... דה מרקר https://www.themarker.com › מגזין 1 בינו׳ 2024 — ארבעה מונולוגים חשופים של חרדים מגלים עובדה מפתיעה על החברה החרדית ומאירים על השינויים שהתחוללו בה — שעשויים לשנות את פניה של ישראל כולה. "שיעורי התעסוקה של חרדים בארה"ב גבוהים באופן משמעותי מבישראל" וואלה! כסף https://finance.walla.co.il › item 14 במרץ 2024 — 2023 היתה שנת שיא בתעסוקת חרדים אחרי שנות סטגנציה, אך התמונה הגדולה רחוקה מלעודד: פער הכנסות ומסים גדול, התבססות על קצבאות וחוסר אוריינטציה ... 12 אלף חרדים קיבלו "דחיית שירות" בזמן ש-44 אלף חילונים לא ... גלובס https://www.globes.co.il › המשרוקית 13 במרץ 2024 — עשרת אלפים הלכו לשירות לאומי, ביניהם גם חרדים. תקשיב טוב לנתון: 44,500 חילונים לא התגייסו לצבא, מרביתם מגוש דן רבתי…". בלוי הוצג בראיון כאחד " ... שילוב חרדים - Gov.il www.gov.il https://www.gov.il › topics › govil-landing-page ממשלת ישראל הגדירה את שילוב האוכלוסייה החרדית בתעסוקה כיעד מרכזי שלה. הדבר בא לידי ביטוי בהחלטת ממשלה 869, בה נקבע כי יינקטו מספר צעדים משמעותיים על מנת ... בעולמם של חרדים בעולמם של חרדים https://bshch.blogspot.com בעולמם של חרדים. הבדלי ההשקפות והמציאות החרדית ... גם אם הכל יסתדר על הצד היותר טוב, לחרדים (כולל חרדים שלא לומדים!) אין מה ... חרדים עברית https://www.e-vrit.co.il › Group › חרדים ואולם בתוך מבול החומרים האקטואליים מחבר ספר זה מבקש להציג את העולם החרדי בחתכי רוחב ועומק. הוא מציג את ״מפת״ היהדות החרדית לסיעותיה השונות – חסידים, ליטאים ... ‎חי"ש - חרדים ישראלים‎ Facebook https://www.facebook.com › קבוצות פייסבוק ולגיוס רבנים חרדים. יצירת מסגרות ייעודיות מותאמות לחרדים שיאפשרו המשך שמירה על אורח חייהם של החרדים רוחנית ומעשית. יצירת מנגנוני הערכה ובקרה שיבטיחו את שמירת ... חרדים | עכשיו 14 ערוץ 14 https://www.20il.co.il › tag › חרדים חרדים · יוצא הריאליטי נגד פסיקת בג"ץ: "גורמת לפילוג ואנטי" · אמסלם עתר לבג"ץ נגד גלנט: גייס גם את ערביי ישראל לצה"ל · הרב הליטאי מגיב לחוק הגיוס: יש ארץ ישראל – כי ... עליה דרמטית בשיעור התעסוקה בקרב חרדים וערבים: איך כל זה קרה? ice (אייס) https://www.ice.co.il › finance › news › article לפני 40 דקות — עליה דרמטית בשיעור התעסוקה בקרב חרדים וערבים: איך כל זה קרה? מחקר חדש של אוניברסיטת רייכמן, בחן את ההכנסה של משקי בית ב-20 השנים האחרונות. לצד ... אתגרים בהשתלבות חרדים בלימודים אקדמיים המועצה להשכלה גבוהה https://che.org.il › wp-content › uploads › 2017/05 PDF בישראל )חרדים ולא-חרדים( מגיל התיכון דרך תחנות שונות כגון בחינות הבגרות, הבחינה. הפסיכומטרית, מכינה קדם-אקדמית, לימודים אקדמיים, קבלת התואר וכניסה לשוק. מבזקי חדשות חרדים רוטר.נט https://rotter.net › news › news בעמוד מבזקי חדשות חרדים שלנו תמצאו את כל כל החדשות מאתרי חדשות חרדים מובילים לאוכלוסיה החרדית. חדשות חרדים כיכר השבת https://www.kikar.co.il › haredim-news לפני 4 שעות — חדשות על חרדים בכיכר השבת - החדשות הכי חמות על המגזר החרדי, תחקירים, סיקור שוטף ואיכותי המספק הצצה מרתקת לחיי חרדים באתר המוביל של החרדים - כיכר השבת. חרדים פרק 1 - YouTube YouTube https://www.youtube.com › watch 42:18 סדרה תיעודית בת 3 פרקים. אמנון לוי מצליח לראשונה להיכנס לחברה הסגורה במדינה ומראה את נקודת מבטם. הפרק הראשון מתוך שלושה, מתחקה אחר הבית ... YouTube · סרטי דוקו וצבא · 3 בספט׳ 2012 יצירת קשר - חרדים באוניברסיטה העברית האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים https://haredim.huji.ac.il › יצירת-קשר מועמדים ומועמדות בוגרי החינוך החרדי. מוזמנים ליצור קשר עם נציגי האוניברסיטה בטלפון 050-3089592 (גם ב-Whatsapp) ובכתובת המייל haredim-huji@savion.huji.ac.il. חרדים ישראל היום https://www.israelhayom.co.il › tag › חרדים חרדים ; אמיר אטינגר, נטעאל בנדל 28.03.2024 ; אמיר אטינגר 04.03.2024 ; יוסי דלאל 15.02.2024 ; יורי ילון, ירון דורון 06.02.2024 ; מרב סבר 04.02.2024 ... חרדים אשדוד | אתר החדשות המוביל של המגזר החרדי באשדוד | חדשות ... חרדים אשדוד https://www.ashdod-haredim.co.il לפני 5 שעות — 'חרדים אשדוד' אתר החדשות החרדי הגדול באשדוד - 'חדשות אשדוד' כל מה שחדש במגזר החרדי באשדוד - עדכונים | חדשות באשדוד | אקטואליה | פוליטיקה | דעה. חרדים - פרדריק בקמן עברית https://www.e-vrit.co.il › Product › חרדים חרדים. מכר. אלפי. עותקים. חרדים. פרדריק בקמן. 4.4חרדים מודרניים ערך שיחה קריאה עריכת קוד מקור עריכה גרסאות קודמות כלים אין לבלבל עם אין לבלבל ערך זה, העוסק בתת קבוצה חרדית, עם הערך "חרדים לאומיים", העוסק בתת קבוצה דתית לאומית. חרדים מודרניים הוא כינוי לאנשים המשתייכים למגזר החרדי בישראל אך פתוחים לעולם המודרני ולחברה הכללית, במידה העולה על המקובל בזרם החרדי המרכזי.[1] לא מדובר בזרם מוגדר ואין הגדרות חדות למאפיינים של החרדי-מודרני. יש טוענים שמונח זה מתייחס בעיקר לתת-חברה חדשה שנוצרה עקב שינויים פנימיים המתרחשים בשנים האחרונות בחברה החרדית הישראלית. קבוצה זו קרויה גם "החרדים החדשים". יחס למודרנה המודרנה משפיעה על כלל הציבור החרדי, אך במידה משתנה בין הקהלים השונים שלו. הזרם החרדי המרכזי אינו רואה פסול בשימוש באבזרים ובמכשירים טכניים וטכנולוגים מודרניים, בתנאי שאין בהם תכנים פסולים והשפעה של התרבות המערבית שמציעה המודרנה. לפיכך, הוא מסתייג בשימוש בחידושים כמו אינטרנט, למשל. לעומת זאת, החרדים המודרניים מצדדים בשילוב המודרנה כחלק בלתי נפרד מאורח החיים החרדי, זאת אף שיש לנקוט בגישה סלקטיבית השואפת לשאוב את האלמנטים החיוביים שמציעה המודרנה, תוך דחיית האלמנטים השליליים שבה. חרדיות מודרנית קיימת בקרב כל תתי-המגזר החרדי: הליטאים, החרדים הספרדים, והחסידים.[2] ההתנגדות מצד הזרם החרדי המרכזי לפי גישת הזרם החרדי המרכזי, לא תיתכן חשיפה לעולם החילוני ולתרבות המערבית מבלי להיות מושפע מהם בכיוון מנוגד לעמדות החרדיות המסורתית. לפי גישה זו, קיים מתאם בין מידת המודרניות לבין הרמה הדתית והרוחנית (החרדים-המודרניים מכונים גם "חרדים לייט"), ובחלק מהמקרים הדבר מוביל להידרדרות דתית ואף ליציאה בשאלה. רבנים חרדים נאבקים בתופעה, בין השאר על ידי הצבת סטנדרטים קפדניים בקבלת ילדים למוסדות החינוך. על רקע זה מתעוררים עימותים במוסדות החינוך של הזרם המרכזי של הציבור החרדי, שבחלק מהמקרים אינם מקבלים לשורותיהם ילדי משפחות חרדים-מודרניים. כמו כן נאבקים רבנים ועסקנים חרדים באתרי האינטרנט החרדיים ובשבועונים החרדיים שלדעתם מובילים את הקו של החרדיות-מודרנית. חרדים, בהם מאנשי הפלג הירושלמי, תקפו אישים בולטים בקרב החרדים החדשים תוך שימוש באלימות ופיזור פשקווילים.[3] הבדלים בין חרדים מודרניים לזרם החרדי המרכזי קיימים הבדלים השקפתיים ומעשיים בין הזרם החרדי המרכזי לבין החרדים המודרניים. בציבור הליטאי, רוב הגברים החרדים לומדים לאחר נישואיהם בכולל במשך מספר שנים, ולאחר מכן חלקם פונים למשרות תורניות ואחרות. הם מחנכים את ילדיהם ב"חדרים" בעלי קו שמרני, המותאם למשפחות אברכים ושכולל לימודי חול ברמה בסיסית. לאחר הלימודים ב"חדר" נשלחים הבחורים ללימודים בישיבה קטנה ולאחר מכן בישיבה גבוהה, שבהן נלמדים לימודי קודש בלבד. לעומת זאת, חלק מהחרדים המודרניים מחנכים את ילדיהם במוסדות ליברליים יותר הכוללים לימודי חול וחלקם אף נבחנים בבחינות הבגרות. בין מוסדות אלו ניתן למצוא את מוסדות הזרם הממלכתי החרדי (ממ"ח),ישיבות תיכוניות חרדיות כגון: היישוב החדש, נהורא, נהרדעא, ומערבא כמוסדות לבנים, לצד תיכון לוסטיג, בית שרה, ודרכי שרה לבנות. רוב החרדים המודרניים ממשיכים ללמוד מספר שנים בישיבות גבוהות מן הזרם המרכזי. לא קיימות ישיבות גבוהות של הזרם המודרני, אך יש ישיבות הנחשבות 'פתוחות' המקבלות אל שורותיהן בחורים בעלי רקע מודרני, ובהן ישיבת איתרי וישיבת עטרת ישראל, ישיבת קול תורה וישיבת חברון. לרוב, לאחר החתונה משתלבים הגברים בשוק העבודה הכללי לאחר לימודים באקדמיות החרדיות ולעיתים אף באוניברסיטאות כלליות. לרוב, ציבור החרדים המודרניים הוא במעמד כלכלי גבוה יותר מהממוצע החרדי. הוא צורך תרבות פנאי ובילויים, הכוללים נופש בבתי מלון, מסעדות, טיולים ונופשים בחו"ל. באופן יחסי לסטנדרטים החרדיים, חרדים מודרניים צורכים את תרבות המערב, ניזונים מהתקשורת החילונית, גולשים באינטרנט, רבים מהם מחזיקים מכשירים סלולריים שאינם כשרים וחלקם מחזיקים מכשיר טלוויזיה, אם כי לא בסלון.[4] סגנון לבושם של החרדים המודרניים פתוח יותר יחסית לאנשי הזרם המרכזי, המקפידים על הופעה המזוהה כחרדית. הסממן העיקרי שהם משמרים הוא כיפה שחורה מקטיפה, למרות שמיעוטם חובש כיפות קטיפה בצבעים אחרים, כיפות עור (אמריקאית) וכיפה סרוגה שחורה, המבדילה בינם לבין הדתיים לאומיים החובשים כיפה סרוגה מכל הצבעים. יש בקרב ציבור זה מי שרואים בחיוב את גיוסם לצה"ל או הצטרפותם לשירות אזרחי של חלק מבני הישיבות שאינם מתאימים ללימוד תורה. יש המבקשים לאמץ ערכים אוניברסליים לצד הערכים היהודיים או נותנים משקל גבוה יותר לאינדיבידואל, לעומת הקולקטיביזם. רבנים והנהגה פוליטית חרדים מודרניים רואים את עצמם פחות מחויבים לציות לרבנים בהשוואה לחרדים אחרים. אין דמות רבנית מובהקת שמשמשת כמנהיג לזרם. עם זאת ישנם רבנים המזוהים איתם, בהם הרב דוד לייבל ראש מוסדות אחוות תורה,[5] הרב בצלאל כהן[6] ראש ישיבת חכמי לב, הרב דוד בלוך מקים הנח"ל החרדי, הרב רפאל קרויזר[דרוש מקור] ראש כולל "למען דעת" ועוד. מפלגת "טוב" שהתמודדה בבחירות מונציפאליות בירושלים, בבית שמש ובביתר עילית זוהתה עם החרדים המודרניים. בבית שמש היא הצליחה להכניס את הזמר אלי פרידמן למועצת העיר. חלק מן החרדים המודרניים מצביעים גם עבור מפלגות שאינן חרדיות. קיימות מסגרות פוליטיות במפלגות חילוניות שמיועדות לחרדים מודרניים, בהן התא החרדי במפלגת העבודה וקבוצת חרדים בליכוד שהכניסו למועצת העיר בני ברק את יעקב וידר. התארגנות קטנה יותר קיימת גם במפלגת ימינה בעבר והציונות הדתית-עוצמה יהודית של סמוטריץ׳ ובן גביר. חרדים מודרניים סייעו לבחירתה של עליזה בלוך לראשות העיר בית שמש. קבוצות בפייסבוק חרדים מודרניים פעילים ברשתות החברתיות. בפייסבוק ישנן כמה קבוצות המזוהות איתם, בהן קבוצת חי"ש - חרדים ישראלים שקמה על ידי עו"ד יחזקאל רוזנבלום בשנת 2014.[7] מטרת הקבוצה לחזק את הקשר בין כל החרדים המאמינים "שעל הציבור החרדי להיות יותר מעורב ויותר דומיננטי בקביעת סדר היום הציבורי בישראל, בכל ההיבטים, יחד עם שמירה על ייחודו והערכים המרכזיים שלו".[8] חרדים מודרניים עורכים מפגשים חברתיים,[9] אירועים ביום הזיכרון לחללי מערכות ישראל ופעילים למען מוסדות מזרם הממ"ח.[10] בקבוצה כ-4,000 חברים ומסונף לה גם בית מדרש וירטואלי.[11] קבוצות נוספות הן The Torah Hub (תורה האב) שנועדה לדון בעניינים הקשורים לחברה החרדית הישראלית המבקשת להתחדש.[12] תפוצה תופעה דומה נפוצה בארצות הברית ובמערב אירופה, שם החשיפה לתרבות החוץ ועיסוקים מפרנסים מצויים בשיעור גבוה, והנוטים לכך מהווים חלק גדול מרוב הקהילות (אין לבלבל אותם עם בני אורתודוקסיה מודרנית). העלייה הגדולה של קהל חרדי כזה מארצות הברית, קנדה ובריטניה לישראל מאז שנות ה-90, והצטרפותם של צעירים רבים מבניהם לסמינרים ולישיבות המקומיות, תרמה להתפשטות התופעה גם בישראל. גם קליטה של חוזרים בתשובה מרובים וחלקם בני עדות המזרח הגדילה את החשיפה לאורח חיים פתוח יותר. בישראל, במחקר שנעשה על ידי המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה, 11% מהחרדים הגדירו את עצמם כ"חרדיים מודרניים", ו29% כ"חרדים עם נגיעות מודרניות".[13] החרדים המודרניים פזורים בקרב הציבור כולו כמו גם באזורים חילוניים. הם מעדיפים שכונות חרדיות הנחשבות 'פתוחות' יותר, כמו הר נוף והגבעה הצרפתית בירושלים, ובפאתי בני ברק. כמו כן קיימים ריכוזים של חרדים מודרניים באלעד, בית שמש ביתר עילית ופתח תקווה. בשתי הערים האחרונות אף הוקמה רשימה פוליטית בשם "טוב". בביתר מיוצגת קבוצה זו במועצת העיר. לקריאה נוספת חיים זיכרמן, שחור כחול-לבן - מסע אל תוך החברה החרדית בישראל, ידיעות ספרים, 2014, עמ' 49–52. דוד זולדן, החרדים החדשים, חבל מודיעין: כנרת, זמורה, דביר, 2019 קישורים חיצוניים יאיר שלג, החרדי החדש, פברואר 1998 יאיר אטינגר, ארץ השמש העולה: האופוזיציה החרדית לשלטון העסקנים והחצרות קמה בבית שמש, באתר הארץ, 27 באוגוסט 2010 תמר רותם, החרדים החדשים מרימים את הראש והכיפה, באתר הארץ, 19 בספטמבר 2012 חיים זיכרמן, לי כהנר, חרדיות מודרנית - מעמד ביניים חרדי בישראל, המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה, 2012 אהרון רוז, ‏משבר הזהות של החרדים החדשים, השילוח, גיליון 3, פברואר 2017 חיים דיין, החרדיות המתחדשת ואתגריה הערכיים-חברתיים, כתב העת לחקר החברה החרדית, מכון ירושלים למחקרי מדיניות, אוקטובר 2017 איתמר בן-עמי, מבט מחודש על החרדים החדשים, באתר הזמן הזה, נובמבר 2020 צופית גרנט, ללא גבולות, עונה 1, פרק 7: החרדיות החדשות באתר ערוץ 13 ראובן שטיין, מחפשים שייכות: צמיחתן של הקהילות החדשות, מגזין המקום גליון 22 הערות שוליים חיים זיכרמן, לי כהנר, חרדיות מודרנית - מעמד ביניים חרדי בישראל, המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה, 2012 (קישור ב"קישורים חיצוניים"). חיים זיכרמן, לי כהנר, חרדיות מודרנית - מעמד ביניים חרדי בישראל, המכון הישראלי לדמוקרטיה, 2012. עמ' 27. החרמות, איומים ואלימות: "המאפיה החרדית" נגד "החרדים החדשים", באתר ynet, 21 בפברואר 2017 זיכרמן וכהנר (בקישורים החיצוניים), עמ' 64, 122. אודות - אחוות תורה - קהילות לחרדים בעולם המעשה מקום 92 ברשימת 100 המשפיעים בשנת 2018 של העיתון כלכליסט, עיין על מנהיגות רבנית לציבור החרדים החדשים. מנדי גרוזמן, "חסידות חדשה" נולדה: חי"ש - חרדים ישראלים, באתר nrg‏, 26 באוגוסט 2016 חי"ש - חרדים ישראלים, באתר www.facebook.com חרדים תש"פ, פרק 8: הכירו את החי"שניקים, באתר כיכר השבת Open Knesset, oknesset.org חי"ש - בית מדרש חרדי ישראלי, באתר www.facebook.com The Torah Hub, www.facebook.com ממ"חים (חינוך ממלכתי-חרדי): נייר עמדה על רקע פרסום 'מתווה בעלז' של משרד החינוך קטגוריות: יהדות חרדית מודרניות כוכבים (168 דירוגים). ספר דיגיטלי. ספר

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